{"id":16382,"date":"2025-08-17T06:41:47","date_gmt":"2025-08-17T06:41:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tuohaihardware.com\/?p=16382"},"modified":"2026-08-18T15:31:55","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T15:31:55","slug":"%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d1%86%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%b5%d0%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tuohaihardware.com\/ru\/history-of-chains\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439: \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c<\/a>\u0426\u0435\u043f\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0415\u0451 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430, \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c<\/p>\n

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\"\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043f\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f<\/p>\n

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\"\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/p>\n

\u041e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c<\/a>: <\/b><\/strong>\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432 1890 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445.<\/p>\n

\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044b<\/a>, \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0442 20 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0412 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 (NACM) \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0451\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438.<\/p>\n

\"\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/p>\n

\u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a G30, G43, G70 \u0438 G80. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n

\"\u0411\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n

\u041e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c.<\/p>\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n

\"\u0424\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u043c. \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 Jack \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chain is one of the earliest and most practical metal tools used in human history. After thousands of years of evolution, it has now become […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16384,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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